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People have been deforesting trees on the Earth for thousands of years to clear land for crops or livestock. Although tropical forests are mostly in developing countries, they aren’t just meeting local or national needs. Direct causes of deforestation are agricultural clearing, logging, and road building and urbanization. There is never a single direct cause for deforestation. Mostly a lot of different things cause deforestation.
The biggest cause of deforestation is clearing forests to convert to cropland and pasture, for growing crops or raising livestock. The conversion to agricultural land usually results from multiple direct factors. For example, countries build roads into remote areas to improve overland transportation of goods. The road development itself causes a limited amount of deforestation. But roads also provide entry to previously inaccessible land. Logging, both legal and illegal, often follows road expansion. When loggers have harvested an area’s valuable timber, they move on. The roads and the logged areas become a magnet for settlers,farmers, and ranchers who slash and burn the remaining forest for farmland or cattle pasture, completing the deforestation chain that began with road building. In other cases, forests that have been degraded by logging become a fire hazard and are eventually deforested by repeated accidental fires from adjacent farms or pastures.
State policies to encourage economic development, such as road and railway expansion projects, have caused significant deforestation in the Amazon and Central America. Agricultural subsidies and tax breaks have encouraged forest clearing as well. Global economic factors such as a country’s foreign debt, expanding global markets for rainforest timber and pulpwood, or low domestic costs of land, labor, and fuel can encourage deforestation than anything else. They use up their forests to try and get out of debt or to trade for another good.
The local level is where deforestation has the...